Religious State and Political Participation; a Qur'anic Approach to the Theory of Conditional Maximal Political Participation (Delegative-Agential)

Document Type : The scientific research paper

Author

عضو هیئت علمی گروه علوم سیاسی پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه

Abstract

The main question of the article is what approach to political participation is the existing or desired approach in Qur'anic thought. The research hypothesis, using the Jane Hampton model in theories of the state as a theoretical framework, is that in religious state, political participation and competition within the political regime are not against or solely for it, and among the delegative and agential approaches; the desired approach of the Qur’an is closer to what can be called "conditional maximum" or de-agential approach, which is conditional in the emergence and survival of religious state; a participation that is original as a causal element but is conditional and bound to some prior conditions and circumstances. The research approach in the two categories of verses of Shūrā and Bayʿah clearly has some differences with some other interpretative perspectives, and in the stage of choosing a leader, despite accepting the divine text and appointment, it also considers the political participation of the people to be relevant. In the research, in addition to the verses of Shūrā  and Bayʿah, other verses such as the verses of keeping the contract, enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong, public speeches of the Qur’an, caliphate and trust, etc. have been compared with political and agency participation. Accordingly, the validity of the political contract between the ruler and the people, the requirement of the Shūrā  institution in the public arena, active political participation as enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong and interfering in determining destiny, the right to choose and general selection of the people, the caliphate as a kind of doubt from God in line with the right to participate, and also the right to leave the government to the worthy as a trust are among the findings of the research as components and pillars of the "Conditional Maximum" (delegative- Agential) political participation approach.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [Persian]

دولت دینی و مشارکت سیاسی؛ رهیافتی قرآنی به نظریه مشارکت سیاسی حداکثری مشروط(وا-کارگزارانه)

Author [Persian]

  • علی آقاجانی
Member of the academic staff of the political science department of the university and research institute
Abstract [Persian]

پرسش اصلی مقاله أن است که در تفکر‌قرآنی چه رهیافتی از مشارکت سیاسی، رهیافت موجود یا مطلوب است. فرضیه پژوهش، با بهره‌گیری از الگوی جین‌همپتن در نظریه‌های دولت به‌عنوان چارچوب‌نظری بر آن است که در دولت‌دینی، مشارکت‌سیاسی و رقابت درون رژیم‌سیاسی نه علیه یا صرفا برای آن است و در میان رهیافت‌های واگذارانه و کارگزارانه؛ رهیافت مطلوب قرآن به رهیافتی که می توان «حداکثری‌مشروط» یا وا-کارگزارانه نامید نزدیک‌تر است که در حدوث و بقای دولت‌دینی شرطیت دارد. مشارکتی که به‌صورت جزءالعله دارای اصالت است اما مشروط و مقید به برخی شروط و شرایط پیشینی است. رهیافت پژوهش در دو دسته آیات شورا و بیعت به‌طور صریح با برخی دیدگاه‌های دیگر تفسیری دارای تفاوت‌هایی است و در مرحله انتخاب رهبر با وجود پذیرش نص و نصب الهی اما برای مشارکت‌سیاسی مردم موضوعیت نیز قائل است. در پژوهش علاوه بر آیات شورا و بیعت آیات دیگری مانند آیات وفای به عقد، امر به معروف و نهی از منکر، خطابات عمومی قرآن، خلافت و امانت و... مورد نسبت سنجی با مشارکت سیاسی و-اکارگزارانه قرار گرفته اند. بر این اساس حجیت عقد سیاسی میان حاکم و مردم، الزام نهاد شورا در عرصه عمومی، مشارکت‌سیاسی فعال به‌مثابه امر به معروف و نهی از منکر و دخالت در تعیین سرنوشت، حق انتخاب‌گری و گزینش عمومی مردم، خلافت نوعیه مشککه از خداوند در راستای حق مشارکت، و نیز حق وانهادن حکومت به شایستگان به‌مثابه امانت؛ از یافته‌های پژوهش به‌مثابه اجزا و ارکان رهیافت مشارکت‌سیاسی «حداکثری‌مشروط» (و-اکارگزارانه) است..

Keywords [Persian]

  • دولت دینی
  • مشارکت سیاسی در قرآن
  • تفسیر سیاسی-موضوعی قرآن
  • مشارکت سیاسی حداکثری مشروط(وا-کارگزارانه)
  • مردم‌سالاری دینی

References

Holy Qur’an
Nahj al-Balāghah
Abd-al Khāliq, F. (1998). Fī al-Fiqh al-Sīyāsī al-Islamī. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq.
Alīdūst, A. (2010). " Scope of Sharia." Qabasāt. No. 32.
ʻĀmilī, I. (1981). Tafsīr al-ʻᾹmilī. Tehrān: Sadūq.
Aqajani, A. (2012). "A Reflection on the Political Concept of Caliphate in the Qur’an (with Emphasis on Contemporary Shīʿī Interpretations and the Questionable Type of Caliphate)". Transcendental Politics. Vol. 10, no. 39, pp. 7-26.
Aqajani, A. (2019). The Impact of Political Theology Controversies on Political Competitions in the Islamic Republic. Qom: Institute of Islamic Sciences and Culture.
Araki, M. (2009). "The Place of the Shūrā   in the Selection of an Islamic Ruler." Islamic State. Vol. 14, no. 2.
Arasta, M; Sheikh al-Mulūk, M. (2016). "Rational Evidence for the Necessity of Consultation in Islamic Government with an Approach to the Life of Imam Khomeini." Matin Journal. Vol. 18, no. 73.
Arasta, M. (2005). "People and the Formation of the Islamic Government." Islamic Revolution Studies. No. 2.
Arasta, M. (2000). "Concern for Public Opinion and People’s Views from the Perspective of Alī (AS)." Islamic Government Quarterly. No. 17, pp. 110-128.
Azraqī, M. (2009). News of Mecca and What Came in It from the Monuments. (Rushdi al-Saleh Malhas. Res; Mahdavi Damghani, M. Trans). Tehran: Foundation.
Barqī, A. (1951). al-Maḥāsin. Qom: Dār Al-Kutbah Al-Islamiyya. 2nd edition.
‏Bayhaqī, A. (2003). al-Sunan al-Kubrā. (Atta, M. Res). Beyrut: Dār Al-Kutob Al- ʿIlmīyyah.
Fayḍ Kāshānī, M. (1986). al-Wāfī. Isfahan: Library of Imam Amīr al-Mu’minīn Alī (AS).
Faḍlullāh, M. (1998). From the Revelation of the Qur’an. Beyrut: Dār al- Malak Printing and Publishing House.
Fīrahī, D. (1998). "The Concept of Political Participation." Political Science Quarterly. Vol. 1, no. 1.
Ḥakīm, M. (2009). ʻUlūm al-Qur’an. (Lisani Fasharaki, M. Trans). Tehran: Tibyan.
Ḥalabī, A. (1999). al-Sīrah al Ḥalabīyyah. (Khalīlī, A. Rev). Beyrut: Dār al-Kutob al-ʿlmīyah, Muhammad Alī Baydoon Publications.
Hampton, J. (2001). Political Philosophy. (Dehimi, Kh. Trans). Tehran: New Plan.
Hobbes, T. (2014). Leviathan. (Bashiriyyah, H. Trans). Tehran: Ney Publishing House.
Hoseini Hamedani, M. (1999). Bright lights. Tehran: Lotfi Bookstore.
Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, M. (1999). Wasā’il al-Shi’ah. Qom: Āl al-Bayt Foundation.
Ibn ʻᾹshūr, M. (n.d.). al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr. Cairo: N.n.
Ibn Athīr, A. (1966). al-Kāmil fi al-Tārikh. Beyrut: Dār Sādir.
Ibn Habīb. (1964). al-Munammaq fi Akhbāre Quraysh. Hyderabad-Deccan: Khurshid Ahmad Farooq.
Ibn Hishām. (1998). Sīrah al-Nabawīyyah. 6th edition. Beyrut: Dār al-Kutub al-Arabī.
Ibn Kathīr, I. (1998). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-ʻAẓīm. (Shamsuddin, M. Res). Beyrut: Dār al-Kutub Al-Elamīyyah, pamphlets of Muhammad Alī Beizun.
Ibn Rajab, A. (1997). Fatḥ al-Bāri fī Ṣahīh al-Bukhārī. (A group of scholars, Res).  Medina: Maktaba al-Gharba al-Asrīyyah.
Ibn Saʿd, M. (1999). al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā. (Mahdavi Damghani, M. Trans). Tehran: Farhang Andisheh.
Khomeini, R. (2009). Sahīfah Noor. Tehran: Islamic Revolution Cultural Documents Organization.
Amin, A. (1997). Muslim Pioneers in the New Era. (Yousefi Ashkewari, H. Trans). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Izdehi, S. (2017). Political Participation in Shīʿī Political Jurisprudence. Tehran: Publications of the Institute of Culture and Thought.
Jalili, H. (1993). Methodology of Thematic Interpretations of the Qur’an. Tehran: Kavir Publications.
Javadi Amoli, A. (2009). Tasnim Interpretation. (Abedini, A. Res). Qom: Isra.
Javadi Amoli, A. (2016). Velayat-e Faqih and Justice. Qom: Isra.
Karami Howeyzi, M. (1999). Tafsir al-Munīr. Qom: Ilmiyyah.
Kawakibiyan, M. (1999). The Principles of Legitimacy in the System of the Guardianship of the Faqih, Tehran: Oruj Publishing.
Khulusi, M. (2016). Political Participation Index in the Islamic Progress Model. Qom: Imam Khomeynī Educational and Research Institute.
Lak zayi, Sh. (2002). "The Model of Political Participation in the Theories of the Guardianship of the Faqih." Journal of Political Sciences. No. 20. Winter.
Locke, J. (2013). Two Treatises on Government. (Shariat, F. Trans). Tehran: Negahe Moʿaser.
Mahmoudi Raja, Zā; Damyar, A; Damyar, S. (2018). "Analyzing the Role of the Prophet in the Development of the Social System of Islamic Societies." Islamic Social Research. Vol. 24, no. 116, pp. 123-146.
Majlisī, M. (1983). Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiʿah li-Durar Akhbār al A'immah al-Aṭhār. Beyrut: Dār al-Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-ʿArabī.
Makarem Shirazi, N. (2007). The Message of the Qur’an. Tehran: Dār al-Kuttub al-Islamiyya.
Marandii, A. (1998). Dalāʼil Barāhīn al-Furqān. (Published in Rasael al-Musharrahitit, with the help of Gholamhossein Zargarinejad) Tehran: Kavir.
Marviyan, M. (2008). "Methodology of Subjective Interpretation from the Perspective of Ayatollah Marefat. " in Qur'anic Merfat: Memoir of Ayatollah Mohammad Hadi Marefat. under the supervision of the Qur'anic Studies Group of the Research Institute with the help of: Nasiri, Alī. Tehran: Publication Organization of the Research Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought, first edition.
Masʿ ūdī, A. (1965-1979). The Promoter of Gold and Minerals. Beyrut: Charles Pella.
Montazeri, H. (1998). Studies in the Will of the Faqih and the Jurisprudence of the Islamic State. Qom: The World Center for Islamic Studies and the Dār al-Fikr.
Mostafavi, H. (1981). Investigation of the Words of the Holy Qur’an. Tehran: Book Translation and Publishing House.
Motahhari, M. (1999). Collection of Works of Professor Shahid Motahari. Qom: Sadrā.
Mudarrisi, M. (1998). Min Hudā al-Qur’ān. Tehran: Muḥibi al Husayn.
Muʼmin Qummī, M. (2007). "Bayʿah(1): Arguments for Bayʿat in the Qur’an." Ahl al-Bayt Fiqh Magazine. Autumn. No. 51, pp. 34-61.
Musaffa, N. (1996). Women's Political Participation in Iran. Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Nā'īnī. M. (2009). Tanbīh al-Ummah and Tanzīh al-Mullah. Tehran: Sahamī Publishing Company.
Nūrī, H. (1987 AD/1408 AH). Mustadrak al-Wasa'il wa Mustanbat al-Masā'il. 18 volumes. Beyrut: Ahl al-Bayt Foundation, peace be upon them.
Nūrī, M; Tavassoli Rokn Abadi, M. (2017). "Comparative Study of the Thoughts of Hobbes, Locke and Rawls in the Light of the Hypothetical Situation of the Social Contract." Theoretical Politics Research. Autumn and Winter. No. 22.
Pai, L. (1991), "Political Culture and Political Development." (Mohammadi, M. Trans). Nameh Farhang. Fall and Winter. Vol. 2, no. 5 and 6.
Qazizadeh, K. (2007). Politics and Government in the Qur’an. Tehran: Research Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought, Third Edition.
Qarashī, A. (1992). The Qur'anic Dictionary. Tehran: Dār al-Kuttub al-Islamiyyah, 6th edition.
Rahmani, N. (2015). Strategies of Shīʿī Political Jurisprudence for the Expansion of Political Participation. Qom: Al-Mustafa Publishing.
Rousseau, J. (2009). The Social Contract (Text and Context). (Kalantrian, M. Trans). Tehran: Agah Publications.
Rush, M. (2004). Society and Politics. (Sabouri, M. Trans). Tehran: Samt.
Sadr, M. (1980). al-Madrasah al-Qur’aniyah. N.p.: N.n.
Sadr, M. (1997). Research in the Science of Fundamentals. Qom: Islamic Jurisprudence Education Center.
Sadūq, M. (1993). Man lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh. Qom: Islamic Publishing Office affiliated with the Qom Seminary Teachers’ Association.
Salehi Najafabadi. N. (2001). Velayat-e Faqih of the Righteous Government. Tehran: Kavir.
Sayyid Raḍī, M. (1994). Nahj-al- Balāghah. Qom: Nahj-al- Balāghah Institute.
Sayyid Baqeri, K. (2018). "The Right to Citizen Participation and Political Freedom with Emphasis on the Holy Qur’an." Islamic Political Research. Vol. 6, no. 14, pp. 41-65.
Shawi, M. (1994). Shūrā, the Highest Levels of Democracy. Cairo: Al-Zahra La’alam Al-Arabi.
Sobhani, J. (2006). Concepts of the Qur’an. Qom: Imam Sadiq (AS) Institute.
Ṭabarī, M. (1988). Tarikh al- Ṭabarī. Beyrut: Dār al-Kitab al-Ilmiyah.
Ṭabrisī, A. (1983). al-Ihtijāj. 2 volumes. Mashhad: Mortada Publication Office.
Ṭabāṭabāʾī, M. (1995). al-Mīzān. (Mousavi Hamedani, M. Trans). Qom: Islamic Publishing Office.
Tabrīzī, M. (1998). Kashf al-Murād. (Published in Rasa'al-Musharroodit by the efforts of Gholam Hussein Zargarinejad). 2nd edition. Tehran: Kavir.
Taleghani, M. (1983). A Ray from the Quran. Tehran: Joint Publication Company.
The Islamic Consultative Assembly. (1985). Detailed Report of the Negotiations of the Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. (Volume 3). Tehran: Public Relations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.
Tirmidhī, M. (1998). Sunan al-Tirmidhī. (Shākir, A. Res). Cairo: Dār Al-Hadīth.
Ṭūsī, A. (1994). al-Amālī. Qom: Dār al-Thaqafa.
Wāqidī, M. (1988). al-Maghāzī. (Marsden Jones, Ed). Beyrut: Al-Alami Foundation, Third Edition.
Yazdani, H. (2018). "Political Participation in an Islamic Utopia from the Perspective of the Qur’an and Hadiths." Journal of Islamic Education and Political Science. Vol. 2, no. 16.
Ziyayifar, S. (2003). The Place of Theological Principles in Ijtihad. Qom: Boostan Kitab.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 12 September 2023
  • Revise Date: 08 September 2024
  • Accept Date: 27 October 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics